In their paper the researchers came to the conclusion that the Russian pre-revolutionary parties were established on the basis of free political orientation and ideological self-determination of population. The reason of that was the autocratic state’s unwillingness to create its own political party which could legitimize the government policy. Simultaneously, the authors note that modern domestic parties have transformed from an important element of representative democracy into the mechanism of legitimation of the political elite.

political parties, party-building, democracy, parthology, parthogenesis, empire, partioma

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