Aim. To identify the main directions of institutional changes in the system of public observation and control over elections in Russia.

Methodology. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the current electoral legislation, as well as practical experience in organizing public observation at the federal level and in the regions of the Russian Federation.

Results. The key areas of development of the public control system have been identified, the corresponding patterns in the development of this area have been established, taking into account the designation of its flexibility, adaptability and functionality. The basic mechanisms for implementing civil control over elections and the prospects for further institutionalization have been determined, taking into account the current challenges and requests of the subjects of the electoral process.

Research implications. The presented results contribute to the development of the theory and practice of organizing elections and can be used to improve legislation in the field of public control, in the educational process when training specialists in the relevant profile, as well as in the practical activities of public chambers, observers and electoral experts.

Aim. To reconstruct the psychological concept of law by L.I. Petrazhitsky, to reveal its essence and role in political and legal thought and socio-political life of Russia at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.

Methodology. To achieve this goal, the work uses a wide range of general scientific methods and political science approaches: dialectical, descriptive, axiological, structural and functional, analysis and synthesis.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that L.I. Petrazhitsky proposed a unique psychological concept of law that does not fit into any of the directions of the philosophy of law. Being a proponent of the idea of the dual nature of law (subjective and objective), he put “intuitive” law as the basis of positive law, thereby introducing into the theory of law a separate class of legal emotions (impulses) based on the inner motivation of a person.

Research implications. The theoretical and/or practical significance of the research lies in identifying the heuristic, theoretical and methodological potential of L.I. Petrazhitsky’s psychological theory of law, in particular, the actualization of problematic areas of political and legal thought in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Aim. To analyze the impact of such a factor as the closure of the nuclear fuel cycle on ensuring the energy security of the Russian Federation under the conditions of sanctions restrictions.

Methodology. The article provides an analysis of the views of Russian and foreign researchers on the future prospects for the development of nuclear power in Russia and the world as a whole, as well as summarizes information about the implementation of the project “Proryv”, which is in the public domain.

Results. The results of the study showed that the industrial application of the closed nuclear fuel cycle will ensure a high level of energy security of the Russian Federation, as well as increase the export potential of the nuclear industry of the Russian fuel and energy complex.

Research implications. The conducted research summarizes the current material on the topic under study, allowing for further study of the impact of nuclear fuel closure on the development of interstate cooperation between Russia and partner countries. Proposals have also been formulated for the implementation of measures aimed at further strengthening the Russian nuclear energy industry.

Aim. To study peculiarities of perception of the main directions of state youth policy in modern Russia by different age groups of provincial youth.

Methodology. The empirical base of the article consisted of materials of four online surveys of youth (in 2021 n=519; in 2022 n=2021; in 2023 n=852; in 2024 n=924), as well as materials of annual focus group interviews with representatives of different age groups of the younger generation.

Results. The conducted analysis revealed a tendency towards increasing support for state youth policy from the “digital” generation in modern Russia. Nevertheless, about a third of respondents showed a high degree of dissatisfaction with the results of the state’s activities not only in relation to young people, but also in other important areas of public life in the Russian Federation.

Research implications. It is substantiated that increasing the level of trust of Russian youth in the state and the main directions of its policy is possible in case of comprehensive combination of efforts not only in the process of educational work with the younger generation, but also in the framework of improving all areas of political and social-economic structure of the Russian Federation. In this case, risks of contradictions between the patriotic content and focus of the activities of state and public organizations as subjects of political socialization of Russian youth and negativity about Russian reality that representatives of the younger generation perceive from various information sources will be minimized.

Aim. To determine the causes and essence of the current extreme escalation of the civilizational confrontation between the West and Russia and the western preparation for war with Russia.

Methodology. The main content of the study is the analysis of the transition process of the civilizational confrontation between the West and Russia to its extreme form and the preparation of Western countries for war with Russia. Systematic, comparative and phenomenological research methods are used.

Results. The study conducted made it possible to establish that the conquest of Russia is necessary for Western geocivilization in order to crush its main enemy, socialist China, using the resources and territory of Russia, which shares a common border with the PRC, and in every possible way to slow down the geocivilizational transition from the dominance of Western civilization to non-Western civilization.

Research implications. A certain contribution to the theory of political systems is establishing the reasons for the process of preparing Western countries for war with Russia, as well as considering the main forms of manifestation of this phenomenon.

Aim. The article identifies the characteristics of the special military operation conducted by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in Ukraine in the context of the global confrontation between Russia and the collective West.

Methodology. The article analyzes the actions taken by Western European countries and the United States to inflict maximum damage on Russia. The data is examined through the prism of the West's hybrid war against Russia.

Results. It has been established that the confrontation between Russia and the West has taken the form of a new type of hybrid war waged by the collective West against Russia with the aim of inflicting a strategic defeat on it. The article examines the link between the massive and multifaceted support for the Kiev regime and the unprecedented anti-Russian trade and economic sanctions in world history. It is shown that the countries of the collective West and their satellites are conducting a total information campaign against Russia that is unprecedented in world history. It is noted that military-biological activities are being carried out in the territories controlled by the Kiev regime under the control of the American special services, which can be used in acts of bioterrorism. International organizations are being used to put pressure on the Russian authorities. Systematic attempts to create diplomatic isolation of Russia and its political leadership are being recorded. It is concluded that interrelated measures of non-kinetic and kinetic influence are being used against Russia, aimed at undermining its national security.

Research implications. It has been determined that comprehensive countermeasures are necessary to prevent the collective West from implementing its plans against Russia.

Aim. To consider the state symbols as an instrument of historical policy. To realize this goal - to analyze the legal and ideological aspects of the functioning of official symbols of the state, to determine their influence on the formation of national identity and historical consciousness.

Methodology. The research methodology is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach: a combination of comparative-legal, semiotic and historical-genetic methods of analysis with institutional and discourse-analytical methods of research.

Results. The article considers the legal consolidation of symbolism, its interpretation in the context of the state historical narrative, highlighted the models of symbolic policy in different countries. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop flexible forms of symbolic representation that can take into account the complexity of collective memory without forcibly simplifying historical experience. The Ukrainian experience of decommunization as an example of radical revision of symbolic heritage is considered and critically evaluated.

Research implications. The material may be useful for researchers of post-Soviet countries who consider historical policy in the context of national identity formation.

Aim. Validation and adaptation of two scales by V. Chotpitayasunondh and K. Douglas for psychodiagnostics of the features of phubbing behavior in communication (in the role of a phubber and in the role of a phubbee) on a Russian-speaking sample.

Methodology. The article describes the validation procedure for the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP) proposed in 2018 by V. Chotpitayasunondh and K. Douglas to study the behavior of active phubbers and communication partners towards whom phubbing is directed (phubbee). Cronbach's alpha was calculated for each scale, correlation and factor analysis were performed to confirm the construct and convergent validity of the scales, as well as their reliability.

Results. High internal consistency of the scales, construct and convergent validity, as well as reliability of both scales are noted. Both scales have good psychometric properties and allow us to study the behavioral characteristics of people in the role of a phubber and a phubbee. Active phubbing behavior is described by four variables (nomophobia, interpersonal conflict, self-isolation, problem acknowledgement), and perceived phubbing by three variables (perceived norms, feeling ignored, interpersonal conflict). The test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0,69 to 0,83 for both scales.

Research implications. The results of the study expand our understanding of the phubbing phenomenon, determine the behavioral characteristics of phubbers and phubbees, and allow us to use scales adapted to a Russian-language sample that are capable of differentiating active phubbing behavior in the communication process, as well as determining the consequences of phubbing that the communication partner has to experience first-hand.

Aim. To study the question of the language of philosophy, consequently, to consider the problem of translation of philosophical texts (the question of translatability/ untranslatability).

Methodology. The main research methodology used in the article is the method of systematic analysis of various scientific points of view of linguists and philosophers in the field of studying the language of philosophy and the question of its translation, as well as the method of comparative translation analysis of terms and concepts.

Results. It is established that philosophical text stands out among the main types since it has distinct subject matter and includes both scientific and artistic features. The study of the main directions of Western philosophy and their understanding of the problem of language reveals the contradictions of linguists/philosophers on the subject of translatability and untranslatability of philosophical texts. This area is poorly studied, which confirms the relevance of the research by the unflagging attention of linguists to the issue of translating philosophical terminology and concepts. What is new is the use of texts of philosophical works in two languages as illustrative material with an assessment of the correctness of the choice of translation methods.

Research implications. The revealed patterns in the translation of philosophical texts data are of interest for translation theory, which is substantiated by their features and terminological denomination, demonstrated by a corpus of examples. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of applying the results of the work in the practice of teaching a number of linguistic disciplines at the bachelor's and master's levels, as well as in the creation of textbooks.

Aim. To establish the typological characteristics of the category of temporality in a philosophical text.

Methodology. The descriptive method and the method of grammatical modeling are used in the article. The main research method is the typological method, which identifies the most significant features and properties of any text.

Results. Based on the grammatical analysis of the philosophical text, its universal model based on temporal invariant characteristics is described and proved.

Research implications. The main results of the study complement the typology of the text with provisions on the possibilities of grammatical modeling based on temporal features of a philosophical text, help in practice to correctly construct a text in a foreign or native language when studying the theoretical course linguistics, interpretation and typology of the text, and are also used as an algorithm for linguistic analysis of any text in classes on the practice of a foreign language.

Aim. To conduct a lexical-semantic analysis of forestry terms in Russian and English and describe the lexical-semantic processes inherent in this terminology system.

Methodology. The main content of the study is an analysis of such lexical-semantic processes inherent in the terms “forestry” as synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy. In our research, we used a multifaceted methodology (comparative analysis of Russian and English terms, cognitive analysis). The material for the article was the forestry terminology system identified by the method of continuous sampling from English-Russian and Russian-English forestry dictionaries.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the forestry terminology system is fully characterized by lexical-semantic processes of synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy, which may be caused by foreign language borrowings, among other things, while cognitive research helps to identify the characteristics of the scientific worldview.

Research implications. The existing knowledge in terminology about the phenomena of synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy in languages for special purposes has been expanded. The collected material can be used in courses on linguistics, terminology, and translation theory.

Aim. It is reasonable to support the opinion of scientists about the possibility and validity of the use of the term "meme" in a wider spectrum, considering a folk (traditional) fairy tale as a verbal and cultural unit (meme) of a complex process of narrative development. 

Metodology. The authors used descriptive, historical and comparative methods, the method of deduction and analysis. 

Results. Through the analysis of the history of the development of fairy tale texts, an assessment of one of the relatively modern theories of fairy tales is given (M. Drout, K. Distin and others) according to which a fairy tale is not always fully substantiated as a verbal-cultural unit (verbal meme) both within the framework of society and in the theory of narration as a whole. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the folk tale, the authors proved the possibility of considering it as a meme and a verbal pool of cultures.

Research implications. The obtained results of the study significantly complement and expand the modern theory of fairy tales, contain new information for considering a number of issues within the framework of memetics and can be effectively used in theoretical courses in linguistics, psycholinguistics, linguoculturology and text interpretation.